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+
+  THE ELEMENTS OF STYLE
+
+  BY
+  WILLIAM STRUNK, Jr.
+
+  PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH
+  IN
+  CORNELL UNIVERSITY
+
+  NEW YORK
+  HARCOURT, BRACE AND COMPANY
+
+
+  COPYRIGHT, 1918, 1919, BY
+  WILLIAM STRUNK, JR.
+
+  COPYRIGHT, 1920, BY
+  HARCOURT, BRACE AND HOWE, INC.
+
+
+  THE MAPLE PRESS YORK PA
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+                                                                     Page
+
+    I. Introductory                                                     5
+
+   II. Elementary Rules of Usage                                        7
+
+       1. Form the possessive singular of nouns by adding _'s_          7
+
+       2. In a series of three or more terms with a single
+          conjunction, use a comma after each term except the last      7
+
+       3. Enclose parenthetic expressions between commas                8
+
+       4. Place a comma before a conjunction introducing a
+          co-ordinate clause                                           10
+
+       5. Do not join independent clauses by a comma                   11
+
+       6. Do not break sentences in two                                12
+
+       7. A participial phrase at the beginning of a sentence must
+          refer to the grammatical subject                             13
+
+  III. Elementary Principles of Composition                            15
+
+       8. Make the paragraph the unit of composition: one paragraph
+          to each topic                                                15
+
+       9. As a rule, begin each paragraph with a topic sentence; end
+          it in conformity with the beginning                          17
+
+      10. Use the active voice                                         19
+
+      11. Put statements in positive form                              21
+
+      12. Use definite, specific, concrete language                    22
+
+      13. Omit needless words                                          24
+
+      14. Avoid a succession of loose sentences                        25
+
+      15. Express co-ordinate ideas in similar form                    26
+
+      16. Keep related words together                                  28
+
+      17. In summaries, keep to one tense                              29
+
+      18. Place the emphatic words of a sentence at the end            31
+
+   IV. A Few Matters of Form                                           33
+
+    V. Words and Expressions Commonly Misused                          36
+
+   VI. Spelling                                                        48
+
+  VII. Exercises on Chapters II and III                                50
+
+
+
+
+I. INTRODUCTORY
+
+
+This book aims to give in brief space the principal requirements of
+plain English style. It aims to lighten the task of instructor and
+student by concentrating attention (in Chapters II and III) on a few
+essentials, the rules of usage and principles of composition most
+commonly violated. In accordance with this plan it lays down three rules
+for the use of the comma, instead of a score or more, and one for the
+use of the semicolon, in the belief that these four rules provide for
+all the internal punctuation that is required by nineteen sentences out
+of twenty. Similarly, it gives in Chapter III only those principles of
+the paragraph and the sentence which are of the widest application. The
+book thus covers only a small portion of the field of English style. The
+experience of its writer has been that once past the essentials,
+students profit most by individual instruction based on the problems of
+their own work, and that each instructor has his own body of theory,
+which he may prefer to that offered by any textbook.
+
+The numbers of the sections may be used as references in correcting
+manuscript.
+
+The writer's colleagues in the Department of English in Cornell
+University have greatly helped him in the preparation of his manuscript.
+Mr. George McLane Wood has kindly consented to the inclusion under
+Rule 10 of some material from his _Suggestions to Authors_.
+
+The following books are recommended for reference or further study: in
+connection with Chapters II and IV, F. Howard Collins, _Author and
+Printer_ (Henry Frowde); Chicago University Press, _Manual of Style_;
+T. L. De Vinne, _Correct Composition_ (The Century Company); Horace
+Hart, _Rules for Compositors and Printers_ (Oxford University Press);
+George McLane Wood, _Extracts from the Style-Book of the Government
+Printing Office_ (United States Geological Survey); in connection with
+Chapters III and V, _The King's English_ (Oxford University Press); Sir
+Arthur Quiller-Couch, _The Art of Writing_ (Putnam), especially the
+chapter, Interlude on Jargon; George McLane Wood, _Suggestions to
+Authors_ (United States Geological Survey); John Lesslie Hall, _English
+Usage_ (Scott, Foresman and Co.); James P. Kelley, _Workmanship in
+Words_ (Little, Brown and Co.). In these will be found full discussions
+of many points here briefly treated and an abundant store of
+illustrations to supplement those given in this book.
+
+It is an old observation that the best writers sometimes disregard the
+rules of rhetoric. When they do so, however, the reader will usually
+find in the sentence some compensating merit, attained at the cost of
+the violation. Unless he is certain of doing as well, he will probably
+do best to follow the rules. After he has learned, by their guidance, to
+write plain English adequate for everyday uses, let him look, for the
+secrets of style, to the study of the masters of literature.
+
+
+